Impact of Powertrain Systems on Automobiles

Abstract

The powertrain system, as the important component of automobiles, profoundly influences vehicle performance, design, and environmental sustainability. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of powertrain systems on modern vehicles, examining the evolution from traditional internal combustion engines (ICE) to hybrid, pure electric, and emerging powertrains such as hydrogen fuel cells. It explores how powertrain design dictates key performance metrics including acceleration, top speed, energy efficiency, and driving refinement, while also shaping vehicle morphology, structural layout, and aerodynamic characteristics. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of lightweight materials, intelligent energy management, and integrated design in enhancing overall vehicle efficiency and sustainability. The paper also discusses future trends, including the deep integration of electrification and intelligence, advancements in lightweighting and green manufacturing, and the challenges of achieving full lifecycle carbon neutrality. It concludes that the continued innovation and optimization of powertrain systems are essential for meeting diverse market demands and advancing toward a clean, intelligent, and sustainable automotive industry.