Optimization of Formula 1 Core Aerodynamic Technologies under the 2026 FIA Regulations

Abstract

The aerodynamic design of Formula 1 (F1) cars is a core factor in determining both race performance and viewing enjoyment, and its technological development is closely coupled with the evolution of racing regulations. Based on 11 F1 aerodynamics-related studies, this paper systematically reviews the core technologies of F1 aerodynamics (application of computational fluid dynamics, aerodynamic characteristics of key components, and the wake effect mechanism) and the influence of regulations, with a particular focus on the new chassis rules (blue font annotation) in the 2026 FIA F1 Technical Regulations (Issue 8). Targeted practical optimization methods are proposed accordingly. The results show that open-source CFD tools (such as OpenFOAM) can achieve accurate simulations of complex F1 models, that the floor plate and front/rear wings are the key components for downforce and drag control, and that the aerodynamic loss of the following vehicle caused by the wake effect (23%–72%) remains the primary bottleneck restricting overtaking. The new 2026 regulations provide a clear direction for technological optimization by limiting the reference volume (RV) of aerodynamic components, optimizing front and rear wing rotation systems, and enhancing pneumatic seals and flexible controls. By integrating literature insights with the new regulatory requirements, this paper proposes an optimization path of “component–wake–rule” synergy, which can serve as a reference for both aerodynamic design in F1 teams and the improvement of race viewing quality.